Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Article Title: Airy-beam holographic sonogenetics for advancing neuromodulation precision and flexibility
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2402200121
Figure Lengend Snippet: Wearable ultrasound device design ( A – C ) using Airy-beam holographic metasurfaces and characterization of manufactured device ( D – F ). ( A ) A schematic representation outlining the critical steps involved in Airy-beam metasurface design. The process begins with the initial design by calculating the Airy-beam function amplitude profile, which was converted to binary phase values. This was then followed by optimizing Airy function parameters, including r0 and ω, which are scaled by the wavelength λ, to meet the specific requirements for the intended brain target location and the desired focal region size. The optimized design was then evaluated by numerical simulations of transcranial ultrasound field propagation. ( B ) The designed metasurface is fabricated through 3D printing and calibrated using a hydrophone in a water tank with an ex vivo mouse skull placed in front of the metasurface. ( C ) The wearable ultrasound device is manufactured by integrating the metasurface with a circular-shaped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic element. A housing was 3D-printed and plugged into a baseplate glued to the mouse head. Three examples are presented to showcase the device’s capability in ( D ) off-center beam steering, ( E ) dynamic beam steering along the wave-propagation direction by adjusting the ultrasound frequency without altering the metasurface, and ( F ) dual focusing. In each case, the Top panel displays the 3D design of the metasurface, the Middle panel presents the numerical simulations of the generated ultrasound fields with the metasurface on the top and yellow highlights denoting the mouse skull, and the Bottom panel shows the experimental measurements of the generated ultrasound fields with the white outlines corresponding to brain anatomy in reference to the Allen brain atlas.
Article Snippet: It was moved in 3D using a computer-controlled 3D stage (PK245-01AA, Velmex Inc.) at a step size of 0.3 mm over a scanning volume covering the ultrasound fields’ focal regions.
Techniques: Ex Vivo, Generated